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 [Above: Borromeo; Wikimedia]

Color code: Red: Reformers; Green: Books and Culture; Orange: Church and State; Blue: World Events. 

• 1440: Gutenberg invents the printing press.

• 1453: Turks capture Constantinople.

• 1476: Gian Pietro Carafa is born.

• 1478: Spanish Inquisition begins.

• 1483: Martin Luther and Gasparo Contarini are born.

• 1492: Columbus makes first voyage to the Americas.

• 1498: Girolamo Savonarola is burned at the stake in Florence.

• 1500: Reginald Pole is born.

• 1509: John Calvin is born; Henry VIII becomes king.

• 1512: Fifth Lateran Council begins. 

• 1513: Leo X becomes pope.

• 1515: Teresa of Ávila and Philip Neri are born.

• 1517: Fifth Lateran Council ends; Luther writes 95 Theses. 

• 1519: Eck debates Karlstadt and Luther at Leipzig; Charles I of Spain is elected Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.

• 1520: Papal bull gives Luther 60 days to recant; Luther burns papal bull and canon law.

• 1521: Luther excommunicated; Leo X titles Henry VIII “Defender of the Faith.”

• 1522: Hadrian VI becomes pope.

• 1523: Clement VII becomes pope.

• 1524: Carafa helps found the Theatines; Diet of Nuremberg fails to enforce Edict of Worms. 

• 1527: Imperial troops sack Rome.

• 1529: Name Protestant first used; Second Diet of Speyer enforces Edict of Worms; Turks lay siege to Vienna.

• 1530: Diet of Augsburg attempts to end division.

• 1531: Schmalkaldic League forms against Charles V.

• 1532: Diet of Regensburg and Peace of Nuremberg guarantee religious toleration.

• 1533: Thomas Cromwell declares Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine of Aragon null and void.

• 1534: Ignatius Loyola and others pledge themselves to fellowship; Henry VIII declares himself supreme head of the Church of England; Paul III becomes pope.

• 1535: Thomas More is executed; Ursuline religious order is founded; Charles V forms Catholic Defense League.

• 1536: Pope Paul III commissions a report on abuses in the church.

• 1538: Charles Borromeo is born.

• 1540: Society of Jesus (Jesuits) is formed; conferences at Haguenau and Worms fail to reconcile Protestants and Catholics. 

• 1541: At Colloquy of Regensburg, Melanchthon and Bucer reach agreement with Catholics on most doctrines, but Luther and Rome reject their work.

• 1542: John of the Cross is born; Robert Bellarmine is born; Gasparo Contarini dies; Francis Xavier sails for India; Carafa persuades Paul III to set up the Roman Inquisition.

• 1543: Copernicus writes that the earth revolves around the sun.

• 1545: Council of Trent convenes.

• 1546: Martin Luther dies.

• 1546–1547: Schmalkaldic War is fought between Protestant and Catholic territories in Germany.

• 1547: Edward VI succeeds Henry VIII.

• 1548: “Armed Diet” attempts to nullify Lutheran reforms; many Catholic and Protestant leaders refuse to accept Augsburg Interim; Ignatius’s Spiritual Exercises is published.

• 1549: Francis Xavier reaches Japan.

• 1550: Julius III becomes pope.

• 1552: Francis Xavier dies; Council of Trent is suspended and will not meet again until 1562.

• 1553: Mary I succeeds Edward VI.

• 1555: Mary burns Latimer and Ridley at the stake; Peace of Augsburg allows German rulers to determine religion of their regions;Marcellus II becomes pope but dies 22 days later; Carafa becomes pope as Paul IV.

• 1556: Ignatius of Loyola dies.

• 1558: Elizabeth I succeeds Mary I. 

• 1559: Final edition of Institutes is published; Pius IV becomes pope.

• 1560: Scottish Parliament abolishes Catholicism in Scotland. 

• 1562: Teresa of Ávila establishes the first Discalced Carmelite convent.

• 1563: Thirty-Nine Articles drafted by the Church of England; Council of Trent concludes.

• 1565: Charles Borromeo goes to Milan as archbishop; Pius V becomes pope. 

• 1566: Teresa publishes The Life of Saint Teresa of Ávila by Herself.

• 1567: Francis de Sales is born.

• 1568: John of the Cross establishes Discalced Carmelite order for men.

• 1564: John Calvin dies.

• 1572: Gregory XIII becomes pope. 

• 1575: Philip Neri founds Congregation of the Oratory. 

• 1577: Teresa of Ávila writes Interior Castle; around this time John of the Cross begins “Dark Night of the Soul” and Ascent of Mount Carmel.

• 1580: Edmund Campion arrives in England as a Jesuit missionary. 

• 1582: Teresa of Ávila dies; Gregorian calendar is introduced by Pope Gregory XIII.

• 1585: Sixtus V becomes pope.

• 1590: Urban VII becomes pope, dies after 12 days and is succeeded by Gregory XIV.

• 1591: John of the Cross dies; Innocent IX becomes pope.

• 1592: Clement VIII becomes pope.

• 1595: Philip Neri dies.

• 1603: James I succeeds Elizabeth I.

• 1616: The church forbids Galileo to teach the Copernican theory.

• 1618: Thirty Years’ War begins. 

• 1621: Robert Bellarmine dies.

• 1625: Charles I succeeds James I.

• 1629: Emperor Ferdinand II issues Edict of Restitution. 

• 1633: Galileo is called before the Roman Inquisition.

• 1642: English Civil War begins. 

• 1648: Peace of Westphalia concludes Thirty Years’ War and Eighty Years’ War.

• 1649: Charles I is executed.

• 1660: The monarchy is restored in England.

This article is from Christian History magazine #122 The Catholic Reformation. Read it in context here!

Christian History’s 2015–2017 four-part Reformation series is available as a four-pack. This set includes issue #115 Luther Leads the Way; issue #118 The People’s Reformation; issue #120 Calvin, Councils, and Confessions; and issue#122 The Catholic Reformation. Get your set today. These also make good gifts.

By the editors

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