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Christianity

FIRST HINTS—1740s & 1750s

1740s Great Awakening inspired by George Whitefield’s preaching spreads through colonies

1747 Jonathan Edwards’s The Visible Union of God’s People envisions Americans bound together by shared conversion experience

1750 Jonathan Mayhew’s Discourse Concerning Unlimited Submission and non-Resistance announces Christian duty to resist tyranny

PRELUDE—1760s

1768–1769 Northern Anglicans demand appointment of a colonial bishop

1768 John Witherspoon becomes president of the College of New Jersey; unites Presbyterians and introduces Scottish Common Sense philosophy

TURNING POINT—1770–1776

1772 Boston Committee of Correspondence indicts British policies, including prospect of a colonial Anglican bishop; John Allen preaches on The Beauties ofLiberty

1774 May, Quebec Act condemned as extending “Papist Rule”; Sept., Baptist Isaac Backus demands that First Continental Congress, meeting in Carpenter’s Hall, Philadelphia, protect Baptists’ religious liberty

1775 July, Continental Congress calls for day of prayer and fasting; preachers debate whether to submit to British authority

1776 July, Declaration of Independence invokes “the laws of nature and of nature’s God”; Sept., New Jersey Dutch Reformed split on political lines; Dec., North Carolina constitution restricts officeholding to Protestants; Dec., Virginia disestablishes the Anglican church

WAR & AFTERMATH—1777–1789

1777 Aug., Pennsylvania officials deport 40—plus Quakers for “disloyalty;” Nov., Lutheran patriarch Henry Muhlenburg defends his neutrality

1778—1780 Henry Alline, “Nova Scotia’s Whitefield,” ignites a Canadian revival that spreads to New England

1778 South Carolina permits Anglican—like churches that meet certain criteria

1779 Virginia considers public subsidies for churches

1780 Massachusetts decides to continue public funding of Congregational churches

1781 Presbyterian Samuel McCorkle preaches against looting and abusing of loyalists

1786 Virginia adopts Thomas Jefferson’s Statute for Religious Liberty

1788 Presbyterians establish a national denomination

1789 George Washington takes presidential oath on the Bible, adding “So help me, God.”

The Revolution

FIRST HINTS—1740s & 1750s

1740–1748 King George’s War—French and British maneuver to dominate North America

1760 George III becomes king of England

1756—1763 Seven Years’ War—British expel French from North America

PRELUDE—1760s

1763 Peace of Paris ends Seven Years’ War; British government in financial straits

1764 Sugar Act—Britain tightens enforcement of the acts of trade, seeking more revenues from colonies

1765 Stamp Act—Americans complain of taxation without representation

1767 Townshend Acts—attempts to indirectly tax the colonies

TURNING POINT—1770–1776

1770 Boston Massacre-five protesting Bostonians killed

1773 Boston Tea Party protests Tea Act of 1773

1774 Intolerable Acts: including quartering of troops in homes; First Continental Congress meets

1775 Apr., Battles of Lexington and Concord force a British retreat; May, Second Continental Congress seeks repeal of British policies; creates Continental Army and names George Washington commander; June, Battle of Bunker Hill

1776 Jan., Thomas Paine’s Common Sense ignites feelings for independence; July, Thomas Jefferson pens Declaration of Independence; Dec., Washington crosses Delaware and defeats British at Trenton

WAR & AFTERMATH—1777–1789

1777 Battle of Saratoga: American victory prompts France to support United States

1777–1778 Washington’s army suffers through winter at Valley Forge

1778 June, Battle of Monmouth: longest action of the war a draw

1781 Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown, forcing peace negotiations

1783 Treaty of Paris—British recognize American independence

1787 U.S. Constitutional Convention

1789 Bill of Rights guarantees religious freedom

By Robert Calhoon

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